Well eventually my training got over at Mysore and I got posting in hyderabad. Hyderabad being a tier 1 city I am having a good time here. Also the fact that there is a chance I may get a project, I am happy.
Currently I am undergoing 4 days vigorous training in TIBCO.It is a middleware software and something new and exciting..I am having a good time in Hyderabad. Also I will be moving out of the campus this Sunday to stay outside as accomodation is available only till then. The most important thing is I HAVE A BLACK TAG, I look at it all the time and feel happy.
Whether I will get a project on TIBCO or not, time will tell, but one thing is for sure, the hard part has just started, life in production is lot different than training,u have a manager, I have a very bad one. We have to work 12 hours, 6 days a week and not only work, give output as well..
April 2009 was very bad for me, I lost my elder brother Vaibhav, in an accident, but no one can do anything against God's will. We were very close to each other and no one can replace him. I will always remember him and all the wonderful times we spent together.
Thursday, June 4, 2009
Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Six months at Infosys
I am back, after a long time. Again at Banglore airport. I have finished almost six months at Infosys Mysore in training.
There has been lots of ups and downs but I have enjoyed it all the way.I had flunked in my stream compre and had to give recompre.If I would have flunked in REcompre I would have been out, but thanks to elders blessings and God's grace it went well and I cleared it comfortably.
My dear sister Truptiben had a beautiful baby girl, they named her Annika, I am very happy for them and wish Truptiben and Rakeshbhai a very happy life.
Wht else IPL 2 is going on, last time champions Rajasthan Royals are in bottom half of the table, thanks to absence of PAkistan players and shane watson.
I so around 25 movies till now in Infosys multiplex, recently I saw Fast and Furious 4, awesome movie, I saw it twice, really loved all the stunts and action.
Now my extended training is going on at infosys, we do not have exit policy now so everyone is relaxed. We had our Integrated project evaluation yesterday, we scored 88%, a comfortable A.
Wht else I am happy to go home after 4 months, have lots of good food, meet family, do some shopping, watch IPL and have fun.
There has been lots of ups and downs but I have enjoyed it all the way.I had flunked in my stream compre and had to give recompre.If I would have flunked in REcompre I would have been out, but thanks to elders blessings and God's grace it went well and I cleared it comfortably.
My dear sister Truptiben had a beautiful baby girl, they named her Annika, I am very happy for them and wish Truptiben and Rakeshbhai a very happy life.
Wht else IPL 2 is going on, last time champions Rajasthan Royals are in bottom half of the table, thanks to absence of PAkistan players and shane watson.
I so around 25 movies till now in Infosys multiplex, recently I saw Fast and Furious 4, awesome movie, I saw it twice, really loved all the stunts and action.
Now my extended training is going on at infosys, we do not have exit policy now so everyone is relaxed. We had our Integrated project evaluation yesterday, we scored 88%, a comfortable A.
Wht else I am happy to go home after 4 months, have lots of good food, meet family, do some shopping, watch IPL and have fun.
Friday, December 19, 2008
One month at Infosys
This is a post after a long time so its gonna be a long one...
Well guess what I am an Infoscion now, already over a month gone at Infosys, I am having the time of my life. I am living life kingsize. I have my own personal room fully firnished with an LCD tv, daily room service, a king size bed, and very good bathroom, but I am in the room only at night to sleep.
Well my training is going on, pretty hectic ,have to attend lectures, do assignments and projects and all, its a very good learning experience. I was struggling to get an A ,but in my last test I scored 90% to get an A, it is a very satisfying feeling.
The dress code here is to be followed very strictly and I like wearing formal shoes, tie and all ,so enjoying that too..We have 5 food courts here and also subway and dominoz pizza,so that is where I fulfill my apetite.
Some days back was a very bad day, it was 26/11/2008, some terrorists took hold of the famous taj mahal hotel and captured several hostages, also at various other places in mumbai experienced bomb blasts..It was a grim day for all of us mumbaikars...
Cricket..India beat Australia in the test series, the Border Gavaskar trophy. Also in the current test series against England ,we chased down a challenging target, the first day of second test is going on now, the score is india 163 for1. After Kumble retiring from test cricket , Dhoni has took over the captaincy and has a 100% track record and looks good to keep it for now.
Also tomorrow is Bhakti's wedding and my thread ceremony, hope everything goes well and everyone have fun..i am right now at banglore airport waiting to board my flight 2 hours from now.
What else I have made many new friends at INfosys, its lots of fun...I also took part in one of the competitions here where we were shown a picture and we had to write an essay on it, i did pretty well ,was not expecting to win but was hoping to win,but unfortunately I didnt.
I have taken many pictures of my room and the campus I will upload them at snapfish, also I will upload some here now, if I can.
Well guess what I am an Infoscion now, already over a month gone at Infosys, I am having the time of my life. I am living life kingsize. I have my own personal room fully firnished with an LCD tv, daily room service, a king size bed, and very good bathroom, but I am in the room only at night to sleep.
Well my training is going on, pretty hectic ,have to attend lectures, do assignments and projects and all, its a very good learning experience. I was struggling to get an A ,but in my last test I scored 90% to get an A, it is a very satisfying feeling.
The dress code here is to be followed very strictly and I like wearing formal shoes, tie and all ,so enjoying that too..We have 5 food courts here and also subway and dominoz pizza,so that is where I fulfill my apetite.
Some days back was a very bad day, it was 26/11/2008, some terrorists took hold of the famous taj mahal hotel and captured several hostages, also at various other places in mumbai experienced bomb blasts..It was a grim day for all of us mumbaikars...
Cricket..India beat Australia in the test series, the Border Gavaskar trophy. Also in the current test series against England ,we chased down a challenging target, the first day of second test is going on now, the score is india 163 for1. After Kumble retiring from test cricket , Dhoni has took over the captaincy and has a 100% track record and looks good to keep it for now.
Also tomorrow is Bhakti's wedding and my thread ceremony, hope everything goes well and everyone have fun..i am right now at banglore airport waiting to board my flight 2 hours from now.
What else I have made many new friends at INfosys, its lots of fun...I also took part in one of the competitions here where we were shown a picture and we had to write an essay on it, i did pretty well ,was not expecting to win but was hoping to win,but unfortunately I didnt.
I have taken many pictures of my room and the campus I will upload them at snapfish, also I will upload some here now, if I can.
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Barack Obama
He is the new President of United States of America. He is the first black President of United States of America. During election there was a record number of turnout of people to cast their vote...Obama was the outright favorite and Obama eventually won.
He owns the word "Change", certainly giving the people of USA and all around the world a hope of a change in the current economic scenario, he is no mug though ,he is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, we can rest assure of the "Change".
He is expected to take office as the forty-fourth President of the United States on January 20, 2009. He also is currently the Junior United States Senator from Illinois. Obama is the first African American to be elected President of the United States, and was the first to be nominated for President by a major U.S. political party.Obama is also the first candidate born in Hawaii to have been nominated and subsequently elected president.
A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, he became the first African American to serve as president of the Harvard Law Review. Obama worked as a community organizer and practiced as a civil rights attorney before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for the U.S. Senate in January 2003. After a primary victory in March 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He was elected to the Senate in November 2004 with 70 percent of the vote.
Obama has a very dashing personality and is confident of what he is doing, he is very young and energetic and he is more like the Bill Clinton in all respects may be better than him, he is certainly way better than Bush, at least as far as English goes..........lol. He is the people's president , he is also like some kind of celebrity, the way people react to him when they see him, it seems so. He is young and promising and we all keep our fingers crossed in the hope that he brings the "Change" he has promised.
He owns the word "Change", certainly giving the people of USA and all around the world a hope of a change in the current economic scenario, he is no mug though ,he is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, we can rest assure of the "Change".
He is expected to take office as the forty-fourth President of the United States on January 20, 2009. He also is currently the Junior United States Senator from Illinois. Obama is the first African American to be elected President of the United States, and was the first to be nominated for President by a major U.S. political party.Obama is also the first candidate born in Hawaii to have been nominated and subsequently elected president.
A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, he became the first African American to serve as president of the Harvard Law Review. Obama worked as a community organizer and practiced as a civil rights attorney before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for the U.S. Senate in January 2003. After a primary victory in March 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He was elected to the Senate in November 2004 with 70 percent of the vote.
Obama has a very dashing personality and is confident of what he is doing, he is very young and energetic and he is more like the Bill Clinton in all respects may be better than him, he is certainly way better than Bush, at least as far as English goes..........lol. He is the people's president , he is also like some kind of celebrity, the way people react to him when they see him, it seems so. He is young and promising and we all keep our fingers crossed in the hope that he brings the "Change" he has promised.
Saturday, November 1, 2008
Superman
Well today I informed everyone that I am leaving first source as i received my first salary a kool 11k, I will resign on Monday, I am looking forward to a new life.. life at Infosys..it will be a whole new world and I will be on my own..I plan to get into a better shape and built up some more muscles if possible! offcourse job comes first!
Since the last 3 days ,the drop tht we get till our home has been very good for me, the car crusing at 110kmph ,zooom. I never enjoyed night life in mumbai, but zooming at 110kmph while listening to 93.5 is my idea of a fun night out...especially when it is at company's expense.
A1. This has some significance in my life too! When I take a new number I save it as A1 in my phone book, new number implies my new number...the above sentence may sound weird but well....I am feeling sleepy so not sure wht all i am typing.
In my preprocess training , I learnt abt the UK culture, and abt the queen, her royalty and all , I simply love the Queen. Also in my training I learnt a lot abt, telephone networks and computer networks...I also learnt that u pronounce telephone as telaphone and apologise as appologise and many other such things. Also I was the hummer of the class.. I used to do the biggest hummmmmmm.
I will never forget all the friends I made, Pavan, Vinay, Nitin, Somesh, Darshan, Junaid, Steve, Chetan, Naireet, Anand, Afrina, Jatin, Saurabh and Nidhi.....love you all!
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
HAPPY DIWALI
A very Happy Diwali to all! I remember how my last diwali was, I was not well, could'nt study and I got many kt's in the exams as well, exactly one year later, now I am in complete control and very happy with life. I am a Computer Engineer now and I am joining infosys on 10th november, start of a hopefully successful career.
There are many things I like about Diwali, the lights all around, the smile on everyone's face, the presence of happiness around and offcourse I love opening Diwali gifts, especially I love chocolates and electronics.
It is almost a month now in my job at first source, the process training has started, we are learning wht to say and wht all to do on calls, although it is no rocket science, we need to be disciplined and strictly follow the guidelines to keep or improve our quality ratings.
Also abt a fortnight from now, everybody is coming over at our place for the weddings, this time we are keeping the diwali lights right till january as we celebrate the marriage of Vaibhav and Bhakti. I hope everything goes well and everybody has a great time.
India defeated australia in the second test match of the test series, Ganguly is playing his last series, the Prince of Kolkota will be missed by many of his fans, and he did score a century in the last test match so he is quitting in style. Also MS Dhoni lead the team very well and also batted very well and was man of the match. It was his second test match as captain and he has 100% record.
I have made many new friends too at first source and hope to do so in mysore......
There are many things I like about Diwali, the lights all around, the smile on everyone's face, the presence of happiness around and offcourse I love opening Diwali gifts, especially I love chocolates and electronics.
It is almost a month now in my job at first source, the process training has started, we are learning wht to say and wht all to do on calls, although it is no rocket science, we need to be disciplined and strictly follow the guidelines to keep or improve our quality ratings.
Also abt a fortnight from now, everybody is coming over at our place for the weddings, this time we are keeping the diwali lights right till january as we celebrate the marriage of Vaibhav and Bhakti. I hope everything goes well and everybody has a great time.
India defeated australia in the second test match of the test series, Ganguly is playing his last series, the Prince of Kolkota will be missed by many of his fans, and he did score a century in the last test match so he is quitting in style. Also MS Dhoni lead the team very well and also batted very well and was man of the match. It was his second test match as captain and he has 100% record.
I have made many new friends too at first source and hope to do so in mysore......
Sunday, October 19, 2008
Life is Good
Hi all, its been 20 days in my first job, my pre process training is complete, my process training starts from tomorrow. It has been sooo much fun, even more fun than my college days, I never expected the happiness I would get in this job.
Well there is even better news, I got my joining letter at Infosys, its on 10th of november, in Mysore, which is the best training centre in the world. For me the real thing will begin then.
Coming back at my First Source job, we all learnt soo much, we learnt the basic PPEVA i.e. Pitch, pace, Energy, Volume and Articulation, which are necessary to be modulated while on call. We learnt a lot about UK pronunciation ,the culture, and from tomorrow we will learn abt the process. The timing of my process training are from 6 to 3, yes 6pm to 3am ,atleast on the first day, the reason being there is a lot of demand for CSA in talktalk.
I also got Reebok shoes today, my previous one got damaged ,so I got one for 1300 from BATA, I have to wear casuals in INfosys as well. Today I will also learn how to wear a tie, the windsor knot, Tie is mandatory on mondays and tuesdays ,its like a dream come true, INFOSYS!
Also I am looking forward to my siblings marriages ,two of them ,I wish both of them a very happy and successful marriage life.
Well there is even better news, I got my joining letter at Infosys, its on 10th of november, in Mysore, which is the best training centre in the world. For me the real thing will begin then.
Coming back at my First Source job, we all learnt soo much, we learnt the basic PPEVA i.e. Pitch, pace, Energy, Volume and Articulation, which are necessary to be modulated while on call. We learnt a lot about UK pronunciation ,the culture, and from tomorrow we will learn abt the process. The timing of my process training are from 6 to 3, yes 6pm to 3am ,atleast on the first day, the reason being there is a lot of demand for CSA in talktalk.
I also got Reebok shoes today, my previous one got damaged ,so I got one for 1300 from BATA, I have to wear casuals in INfosys as well. Today I will also learn how to wear a tie, the windsor knot, Tie is mandatory on mondays and tuesdays ,its like a dream come true, INFOSYS!
Also I am looking forward to my siblings marriages ,two of them ,I wish both of them a very happy and successful marriage life.
Monday, October 6, 2008
Talk talk
My first job! A BPO ,this what I say when u call from UK: "Good Morning, welcome to talk talk broadband you are speaking with kartik. Can I start by taking your BT telephone number please?"
Damn have to make 2 presentations daily in training ,today was not good, will try to compensate tommorrow.
There are 15 of us in the batch ,2 gals in them , everyone one is very good and cooperative and work is a lot of fun. I like dressing up in formal attire and we have to follow that first 4 days every week , so I like that too!
Just to make sure that my tomm. presentation goes well I will type it right here so that I can remember it:
Damn have to make 2 presentations daily in training ,today was not good, will try to compensate tommorrow.
There are 15 of us in the batch ,2 gals in them , everyone one is very good and cooperative and work is a lot of fun. I like dressing up in formal attire and we have to follow that first 4 days every week , so I like that too!
Just to make sure that my tomm. presentation goes well I will type it right here so that I can remember it:
Students may write teachers report cards.
All our school life we have been graded by our teachers. Teachers have been giving us marks and decide our fate,but now there is some new concept coming in the educational field.
University students might soon get to assess their teachers and help decide whether they deserve promotion or not.
While recommending huge pay hikes and incentives for teachers, the university grants commission pay review committe has proposed a system of accountability in the universities and colleges across the country.
Students will asses teachers along with academic heads and colleagues. The process is already in place in the IIT's.
The mulitsource evaluation process requires the teachers capabilities to be certified by academice heads and colleagues as well.
Teachers union have already voiced their concerns about the proposal, saying India is still not prepared for it.
Multiple parameters like regularity in classroom teaching, availibility to students for consultation, participating in faculty meetings,research and other academic activities would be considered while assessing a teachers accountibility.
Though the proposal has been termed unprecedented, the english and foreign language university in hyderabad has already put the process in place.
the presentation is like ijjat ka sawal. hope i do well.
All our school life we have been graded by our teachers. Teachers have been giving us marks and decide our fate,but now there is some new concept coming in the educational field.
University students might soon get to assess their teachers and help decide whether they deserve promotion or not.
While recommending huge pay hikes and incentives for teachers, the university grants commission pay review committe has proposed a system of accountability in the universities and colleges across the country.
Students will asses teachers along with academic heads and colleagues. The process is already in place in the IIT's.
The mulitsource evaluation process requires the teachers capabilities to be certified by academice heads and colleagues as well.
Teachers union have already voiced their concerns about the proposal, saying India is still not prepared for it.
Multiple parameters like regularity in classroom teaching, availibility to students for consultation, participating in faculty meetings,research and other academic activities would be considered while assessing a teachers accountibility.
Though the proposal has been termed unprecedented, the english and foreign language university in hyderabad has already put the process in place.
the presentation is like ijjat ka sawal. hope i do well.
Friday, September 26, 2008
Workshop Day 02
I am glad some new people also read my blog, but damn no one wrote a comment, please write comments people, it takes pain to type everything, the least is ,u can appreciate.
Anyway today was very good, I got a job in a BPO, 11K salary ,kool. Today was also the second day of the workshop, and we all got a certificate too! Kool! Today we learnt about storage devices. There are three types of hard disks:
HARD DISK
In IDE and SATA u can connect up to 4 hard disks on motherboard. CDROM come in all three types mentioned above as it is also a type of storage device like hard disk. In SCSI there are three versions SCSI-1 supports 7 hard disks, SCSI -2 supports 15 hard disks and SCSI-3 supports upto 31 hard disks.
SCSI is hot swappable ,it means it can be removed when machine is ON, as we all can figure out our pen drive is also hot swappable. A IDE socket has 40 pins and 2 devices can be connected through IDE connector. Latest motherboards have both IDE and SATA slots. If we connect two seperate hard disks together than the master is always called C drive and slave is called D drive.
Bootstrap loader which loads the OS can communicate with C DRive only, therefore even if OS is installed on D drive important booting files are on C drives.
CPU CONNECTORS
NOw lets have a brief on all the connectors u see behind your CPU, where u connect all the wiring. First is the PS/2 connector which has two slots green one for mouse and purple for keyboard. There are some yellow colored serial ports which has 9 pins and are also called COM ports i.e. communication ports. These are the same ports which are used for connecting external modem. In serial port data is transferred in serial format and in parallel ports data is transferred as 8 bits, 16bits,etc at a time.
In new motherboards which have inbuilt modem, the modem is connected on the PCI slot. Parallel ports are used to connect devices such as printers, scanners. NOwadays everything comes with a USB connection, USB is serial and is preferred over parallel ports because USB frequency is very fast ,higher than parallel port.Same way a core 2 duo processor is faster than dual core because of higher frequency.
Continuing with the connectors behind the CPU, there is another connector of 15 pin which is used for disply device, if it is not there we need an additional add on card on motherboard for display.. Then there are the usual connectors for audio and one for gaming joystick. IN new motherboards, display,sound and network are integrated.
How to differentiate between a DDR1 and a DDR2, DDR1 has 184 pins and DDR2 pins have 240 pins. DDR3 also has 240 pins but position of slot is different.
Well this was all I learnt today , the networking part is postponed and I may not attend coz of my new job ,but for those who want to attend the workshop ,the name of institute is IACM and numbers are 26792980 and 26792043.
Thank You.
Anyway today was very good, I got a job in a BPO, 11K salary ,kool. Today was also the second day of the workshop, and we all got a certificate too! Kool! Today we learnt about storage devices. There are three types of hard disks:
- IDE
- SATA
- SCSI
HARD DISK
In IDE and SATA u can connect up to 4 hard disks on motherboard. CDROM come in all three types mentioned above as it is also a type of storage device like hard disk. In SCSI there are three versions SCSI-1 supports 7 hard disks, SCSI -2 supports 15 hard disks and SCSI-3 supports upto 31 hard disks.
SCSI is hot swappable ,it means it can be removed when machine is ON, as we all can figure out our pen drive is also hot swappable. A IDE socket has 40 pins and 2 devices can be connected through IDE connector. Latest motherboards have both IDE and SATA slots. If we connect two seperate hard disks together than the master is always called C drive and slave is called D drive.
Bootstrap loader which loads the OS can communicate with C DRive only, therefore even if OS is installed on D drive important booting files are on C drives.
CPU CONNECTORS
NOw lets have a brief on all the connectors u see behind your CPU, where u connect all the wiring. First is the PS/2 connector which has two slots green one for mouse and purple for keyboard. There are some yellow colored serial ports which has 9 pins and are also called COM ports i.e. communication ports. These are the same ports which are used for connecting external modem. In serial port data is transferred in serial format and in parallel ports data is transferred as 8 bits, 16bits,etc at a time.
In new motherboards which have inbuilt modem, the modem is connected on the PCI slot. Parallel ports are used to connect devices such as printers, scanners. NOwadays everything comes with a USB connection, USB is serial and is preferred over parallel ports because USB frequency is very fast ,higher than parallel port.Same way a core 2 duo processor is faster than dual core because of higher frequency.
Continuing with the connectors behind the CPU, there is another connector of 15 pin which is used for disply device, if it is not there we need an additional add on card on motherboard for display.. Then there are the usual connectors for audio and one for gaming joystick. IN new motherboards, display,sound and network are integrated.
How to differentiate between a DDR1 and a DDR2, DDR1 has 184 pins and DDR2 pins have 240 pins. DDR3 also has 240 pins but position of slot is different.
Well this was all I learnt today , the networking part is postponed and I may not attend coz of my new job ,but for those who want to attend the workshop ,the name of institute is IACM and numbers are 26792980 and 26792043.
Thank You.
Thursday, September 25, 2008
Workshop Day 01 (Hardware for Dummies)
Hi back after sometime, today I heard the good news that Truptiben , Rakeshbhai and Dhilan are coming for 90days to India, I am very excited. Well today i attended the first of 2 days workshop on hardware maintenance. I would like to share with everyone all that I learnt.
First things first ,lets list out the parts inside a CPU:
Motherboard is a very important part of the CPU, motherboard changes according to the processor. The motherboard is used to connect all the different parts of the CPU. Every motherboard has a speed, devices cannot communicate with each other higher than the motherboard speed.
There is a CPU socket on every motherboard for the processor slot, the P3 processor is 370 pin and P4 processor is 478 pin. The latest processors like Core 2 Duo are pinless, pins are present on socket not processor. Again as I mentioned each processor requires a different type of motherboard.
BACK OF PENTIUM 3 PROCESSOR
There are 2 types of primary memory, RAM and ROM.
ROM: BIOS (Basic INput Output System) is stored in ROM. BIOS contains the following:
There is a small chip of BIOS on motherboard. BIOS programming is done according to structure of motherboard. ROM nowadays are composed of flash memory, earlier they were semiconductor chips. The history of ROM is as follows:
* Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time programmable ROM (OTP), can be written to or programmed via a special device called a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip. Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.
BIOS
* Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light (typically for 10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a process that again requires application of higher than usual voltage. Repeated exposure to UV light will eventually wear out an EPROM, but the endurance of most EPROM chips exceeds 1000 cycles of erasing and reprogramming. EPROM chip packages can often be identified by the prominent quartz "window" which allows UV light to enter. After programming, the window is typically covered with a label to prevent accidental erasure. Some EPROM chips are factory-erased before they are packaged, and include no window; these are effectively PROM.
* Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is based on a similar semiconductor structure to EPROM, but allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be removed from the computer (or camera, MP3 player, etc.). Writing or flashing an EEPROM is much slower (milliseconds per bit) than reading from a ROM or writing to a RAM (nanoseconds in both cases), since available densities are not as great and the cost per bit is higher.
o Electrically alterable read-only memory (EAROM) is a type of EEPROM that can be modified one bit at a time. Writing is a very slow process and again requires higher voltage (usually around 12 V) than is used for read access. EAROMs are intended for applications that require infrequent and only partial rewriting. EAROM may be used as non-volatile storage for critical system setup information; in many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM supplied by mains power and backed-up with a lithium battery.
o Flash memory (or simply flash) is a modern type of EEPROM invented in 1984. Flash memory can be erased and rewritten faster than ordinary EEPROM, and newer designs feature very high endurance (exceeding 1,000,000 cycles). Modern NAND flash makes efficient use of silicon chip area, resulting in individual ICs with a capacity as high as 16 GB as of 2007; this feature, along with its endurance and physical durability, has allowed NAND flash to replace magnetic in some applications (such as USB flash drives). Flash memory is sometimes called flash ROM or flash EEPROM when used as a replacement for older ROM types, but not in applications that take advantage of its ability to be modified quickly and frequently.
RAM: It stands for Random accesss memory, it is the memory used by the processor to execute the program. There are two factors of RAM, capacity and speed.
P3 had SDRAM which has 2 notches on it.
P4 had DDR1 RAM with 1 notch on ot.
MOst of us now use DDR2 RAM and DDR3 RAM is also now introduced.
There are 2 types of RAM, SRAM and DRAM. Static and Dynamic RAM respectively. SRAM is made up of flip flops and is used as cache memory with a maximum size of 4MB. DRAM is made up of capacitors and is used in RAM chips, the primary memory. Nowadays cache memory is present in processor ,earlier it was on motherboard.
SRAM is faster and costlier than DRAM, but both are used in any given machine. Normally programs and not data are stored in cache memory.
DRAM are of 3 types SDRAM, DDRSDRAM and RDRAM. SDRAM were used in P3 with speeds having 66, 100 and 133 Mhz. DDRSDRAM are Double data rate SDRAM with speeds of 266MHz and above, DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3 come under these category. RDRAM is very expensive.
Chipset: A chipset is m ade up of a number of chips require to run a CPU like for eg. a chipset may typically contain 8088, 8086, 8255, 8259, etc chips. PRocessor, memory and graphics are controlled by chipset on motherboard. It controls flow of data.
There are 2 types of chipset: GMCH (Graphic memory control hub) and ICH (input output control hub).
Well this was all I learnt in today's 2 hour workshop and I hope this must be helpful to you, you can post any comments or questions u need.
Thank You.
First things first ,lets list out the parts inside a CPU:
- Switch mode power supply (SMPS)
- Motherboard
- Processor
- RAM
- Add on cards like graphics card, sound card, etc
- Storage Device like Hard disk, CDROM, etc
- Cooling mechanism like a fan,etc
- Cabinet
- Cables
Motherboard is a very important part of the CPU, motherboard changes according to the processor. The motherboard is used to connect all the different parts of the CPU. Every motherboard has a speed, devices cannot communicate with each other higher than the motherboard speed.
There is a CPU socket on every motherboard for the processor slot, the P3 processor is 370 pin and P4 processor is 478 pin. The latest processors like Core 2 Duo are pinless, pins are present on socket not processor. Again as I mentioned each processor requires a different type of motherboard.
BACK OF PENTIUM 3 PROCESSOR
ROM: BIOS (Basic INput Output System) is stored in ROM. BIOS contains the following:
- POST (Power on Self Test)
- CMOS PRogram
- CMOS RAM (used to save CMOS data)
- Boot Strap Loader to load OS into memory.
ROM
There is a small chip of BIOS on motherboard. BIOS programming is done according to structure of motherboard. ROM nowadays are composed of flash memory, earlier they were semiconductor chips. The history of ROM is as follows:
* Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time programmable ROM (OTP), can be written to or programmed via a special device called a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip. Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once.
BIOS
* Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light (typically for 10 minutes or longer), then rewritten with a process that again requires application of higher than usual voltage. Repeated exposure to UV light will eventually wear out an EPROM, but the endurance of most EPROM chips exceeds 1000 cycles of erasing and reprogramming. EPROM chip packages can often be identified by the prominent quartz "window" which allows UV light to enter. After programming, the window is typically covered with a label to prevent accidental erasure. Some EPROM chips are factory-erased before they are packaged, and include no window; these are effectively PROM.
* Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is based on a similar semiconductor structure to EPROM, but allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be removed from the computer (or camera, MP3 player, etc.). Writing or flashing an EEPROM is much slower (milliseconds per bit) than reading from a ROM or writing to a RAM (nanoseconds in both cases), since available densities are not as great and the cost per bit is higher.
o Electrically alterable read-only memory (EAROM) is a type of EEPROM that can be modified one bit at a time. Writing is a very slow process and again requires higher voltage (usually around 12 V) than is used for read access. EAROMs are intended for applications that require infrequent and only partial rewriting. EAROM may be used as non-volatile storage for critical system setup information; in many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM supplied by mains power and backed-up with a lithium battery.
o Flash memory (or simply flash) is a modern type of EEPROM invented in 1984. Flash memory can be erased and rewritten faster than ordinary EEPROM, and newer designs feature very high endurance (exceeding 1,000,000 cycles). Modern NAND flash makes efficient use of silicon chip area, resulting in individual ICs with a capacity as high as 16 GB as of 2007; this feature, along with its endurance and physical durability, has allowed NAND flash to replace magnetic in some applications (such as USB flash drives). Flash memory is sometimes called flash ROM or flash EEPROM when used as a replacement for older ROM types, but not in applications that take advantage of its ability to be modified quickly and frequently.
RAM: It stands for Random accesss memory, it is the memory used by the processor to execute the program. There are two factors of RAM, capacity and speed.
RAM CHIPS
P3 had SDRAM which has 2 notches on it.
P4 had DDR1 RAM with 1 notch on ot.
MOst of us now use DDR2 RAM and DDR3 RAM is also now introduced.
There are 2 types of RAM, SRAM and DRAM. Static and Dynamic RAM respectively. SRAM is made up of flip flops and is used as cache memory with a maximum size of 4MB. DRAM is made up of capacitors and is used in RAM chips, the primary memory. Nowadays cache memory is present in processor ,earlier it was on motherboard.
SRAM is faster and costlier than DRAM, but both are used in any given machine. Normally programs and not data are stored in cache memory.
DRAM are of 3 types SDRAM, DDRSDRAM and RDRAM. SDRAM were used in P3 with speeds having 66, 100 and 133 Mhz. DDRSDRAM are Double data rate SDRAM with speeds of 266MHz and above, DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3 come under these category. RDRAM is very expensive.
Chipset: A chipset is m ade up of a number of chips require to run a CPU like for eg. a chipset may typically contain 8088, 8086, 8255, 8259, etc chips. PRocessor, memory and graphics are controlled by chipset on motherboard. It controls flow of data.
CHIPSET
There are 2 types of chipset: GMCH (Graphic memory control hub) and ICH (input output control hub).
Well this was all I learnt in today's 2 hour workshop and I hope this must be helpful to you, you can post any comments or questions u need.
Thank You.
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